Essay on The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt - 1218 Words

Egyptians began to settle along the banks of the Nile River, Starting as far north as to the city of Alexandria all the way down south to Aswan. They developed into a well-structured society as Far East to the Red Sea and west to Dakhia, Oasis among many (Figure 1.). The Nile River reached far lending a hand in creating a well-known civilization that consisted of building pyramids and producing crops for their pharaoh. Evolving from hunters and gatherers into agriculturalists throughout history, Egypt has claimed to be one of the earliest and most spectacular civilizations of ancient times. One could wonder if, what led to the collapse of this great society resulted from the Egyptians interaction with the environment by overusing†¦show more content†¦Then next in the social pyramid would be the visor, small portions of the land belong to notables for example, priests, scribes, doctors, lawyers, or important military personnel, and slaves and peasants worked for the govern ment. The historical evidence suggests that farmers and other workers were employed during the flood season to erect the pyramids and other large building projects (Rymer, 2000-2010). There were two types of workers in Egypt- skilled and unskilled, skilled worked year round and are crafted in goldsmiths, carpenters, sculptors, rock cutters, and painters. Unskilled workers were slaves and peasants that worked in large groups during the flood season producing crops. The river rises of itself, waters the fields, and then sinks back again; thereupon each man sows his field and waits for the harvest (Parsons, 1996-2010), these are the words of Herodotus the great Greek philosopher. The Nile Valley is a canyon running 660 miles long with a floodplain occupying 4,250 square miles (Parsons, 1996-2010), being a rich source of water the Nile River is the largest river in the world. This majestic river delivers and provides a constant water supply to the people of Egypt giving them an ab undance of natural resource available where they lived alongShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast the Rise and Fall of Mesopotamia and Egypt1635 Words   |  6 Pages In this project I plan on exploring the contrasts and comparisons between the rise of Mesopotamia and Egypt. I chose this particular question because during my junior year I took and AP World History class in which we of course studied the worlds history. One on my favorite things that we studied in that class was ancient Empires. Mr. Herman, my AP teacher during that time, went through the Mesopotamian and Egyptian Empires rather too quickly for my tastes. I felt as though there were a lot of thingsRead MoreEssay about Ramesses the Great1080 Words   |  5 PagesRamesses II, also known as Rameses and Ramses was the third Pharaoh of the nineteenth dynasty in ancient Egypt and arguably the most powerful ruler Egypt has seen. He led his civilization from 1279-1213 B.C.E. With a seemingly everlasting reign of around sixty six to sixty seven years, Ramesses aided Egypt in the ways of expansion and growth of power. Being born into royalty and prosperity, Ramesses was able to influence th e politics and growth of his country at a very young age. Shortly after hisRead More History of Egypt Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Egypt The rich history of Egypt is tied very closely with the Nile River’s fertile banks and existence as a source of water. Flowing south to north, this massive river has had a tremendous impact on agriculture, transportation, religion, migration of populations, and culture as a whole. The narrow Nile Valley as well as the surrounding deserts provided defense and isolation from the arising cultures of the time. Over many centuries, the rainfall has affected the levels of floodingRead MoreFactors That Affect The Rise And Fall Of Civilizations Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesFactors Effect the Rise and the Fall of Mayan Civilization Area and Egyptian Civilization Area In ancient time, environmental factors were very important. It directed the people to where they should settle to practice agriculture for their living. Among many different important environmental factors such as geography, geology, plant and animal species, agricultural potential, resource abundance, one of the most significants factors which influenced to the rise and the fall of civilizations isRead MoreAncient Egypt And The Egyptian Empire1268 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever wondered how Ancient Egypt helped shape the world today? Ancient Egyptians were a group of folks who were heavily influenced by religion. They feared dying anywhere but Egypt. The Egyptian Empire held a fascinating and very distinctive culture. Being one of the world s most advanced cultures and creating tons of wealth is what separated them from everybody else. Between the outstanding artwork, teaching methods, and amazing pyramids is what helped their society advance altogether.Read MoreTaking a Look at Ancient Egypt1181 Words   |  5 Pagesby the Atlantic Ocean. Africa is known to have many diverse environments, which include arid areas, semi-arid, Tropical rainforests, Savanna, vast swamps and snowcapped mountains in the south of Africa. The first ever civilization in Africa was in Egypt along the river Nile. This civilization later spread to the other parts of Africa. The emergence of civilization in Africa provided a framework for most of developments in African history. There were different setups cultural and political aspectsRead MoreUsing A Tool Of Stem Innovation1613 Words   |  7 PagesIt was the wheel barrow, now I know what you are saying, â€Å"The wheelbarrow isn’t a lever!† Actually the wheel barrow is an innovation of the lever because it has the components of a fulcrum, load, and effort force which is exerted. The wheelbarrow falls under first-class lever because the fulcrum placed between the load and effort to give it equal balance according www.ohio.edu. The lever is one of the simplest mechanical devices ever and has made life so much easier in society. Yet, going back toRead MoreReligion And The Ancient Egypt Empire1191 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ancient Egypt Empire held a very fascinating, distinctive culture. Being one of the world s most advanced cultures and creating tons of wealth is what separated them from everybody else. Between the outstanding artwork, teaching methods, and amazing pyramids is what helped this society advance together. No other civilization of the ancient world history has such a popular appeal and none as important as human society and its organization. Fortunately, these Egyptians have made great steps inRead MoreThe Early History Of The Western Civilization1344 Words   |  6 Pages5,000 years since the appearance of the first civilizations in the ancient Near East (Instructor, 2016). This history is highlighted by the rise of many different kingdoms and empires each with contributions to modern western cultures. The following essay will describe the Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and Ancient Egyptians. Ancient Greece (800 B.C. and 500 B.C.) a moderately complex period in the world history. Even though ancient Greece had the most advanced technology, art, and poetry but wellRead MoreThe Giza Pyramid Site Of Giza906 Words   |  4 PagesGreat Sphinx, but also lesser known components such as cemeteries and workers village. The site is located in Giza, close to modern day Cairo in Egypt. Figure 1 below shows the layout of the site The Giza pyramid site is an ancient Egypt burial site. To understand the significance of the Giza pyramid site it is necessary to first understand the rise of Egyptian civilization, and the religious significance of burial customs. Egyptian civilization began when settlers arrived in the fertile Nile

Stratification and Income Gap in the United States Essay

Stratification and Income Gap A gap in income leads to many socio- economic differences that are clearly visible all around us. Those who are financially well off enjoying a multitude of privileges that the underprivileged do not enjoy. Among some of the privileges are a better standard of living, better healthcare, better education as well as power and prestige. It is then obvious, why most people long to be in the higher income group. The established belief is that anyone with merit can climb the social ladder to a better standard of living. But the question we must ask is: is that possible for everyone? Is the ideology of equal opportunity for all, entirely true? The point is that lower†¦show more content†¦It has nothing to do with being less intellectually capable than their richer counter parts but merely being less privileged. They are automatically deprived of the opportunity to compete on equal grounds with the richer folk and being less educated puts them leagues behind the educated workforce. A lack of education or being less educated will mean a person working at manual jobs, earning lower, saving less and making little to no investments. Since social stratification generally carries down from one generation on to the next, wealth generally remains concentrated at the top. That means that the next generation of the upper class elite will enjoy the same luxuries their forefathers enjoyed while the poor will still be denied privileges including social mobility and economic growth. On the other hand, it can be argued that some form of social inequality is important for a society to successfully function. It prompts people to compete for social goods and services and give their best to attain a better quality of life. It helps in keeping the society from becoming stagnant as everyone tries to work to their full potential. Some form of social stratification has always been present throughout history and just as there is a need for doctors, teachers and lawyers there is a need for street cleaners, garbage men and sweepers for a fully functional society. It is certainly trueShow MoreRelatedA Theoretical Review Of Global Stratification913 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Sociology 11 December 2015 A Theoretical Review of Global Stratification Global stratification is defined as social inequality throughout the world. It is an unequal distribution of wealth and poverty, of resources and opportunities. Global stratification is much greater than social stratification in the United States or in any single nation and continues to increase. The poorest people in the United States have a much higher quality of life than most other people in the world. AsRead MoreIncome Inequality : The Perspectives Of Marx And Weber Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesIncome Inequality in American Society: The Perspectives of Marx and Weber In the United States, income inequality is drawing more and more attention from the media, sociologists, politicians, and everyday citizens like us since the economic difference during the past decades became more pronounced than before. Karl Marx and Max Weber both discussed their ideas of social inequality and addressed the relationship between inequality and social structure as an important theme in their work. This paperRead MoreSocial Inequality And Social Class Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican people. Here in the United States, the current social class system is known as the class system, where families are distributed and placed into three different existing class—the upper class (wealthy), middle class (working), and lower class (poor). Since then, improvisations have been worked on into the class system, establishing now roughly six social classes: upper class, new money, middle class, working class, working poor, and poverty level. Social stratification is a widely common topicRead MoreOrange County, California Demographic Report1604 Words   |  7 Pagesa comprehensive metropolitan to its 34 cities, with the four largest cities each exceeding a population of 200,000 (Orange County, 2016). It ranked as the sixth most populous county in the United States showing a combination range of statistic data based off race and ethnicity, education, household and income, healthcare, and economy. According to the 2014 Census, Orange County revealed the total population had reached 3,086,331 with the average age of 36.4 years. The racial makeup of Orange CountyRead MoreSocial Stratification And The Caste System Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Stratification Social stratification is an important component of society, as it helps individuals determine their proper place in society by creating a form of social hierarchy (Larkin, 2015). Many analysis use the social stratification system to help determine the inequalities, and this system of organization is found in every society across the world, though it will differ from one society to another (Larkin, 2015). Sociologists group different and diverse people into different levelsRead MoreThere Has Been A Growing Gap Between The Rich And Poor1562 Words   |  7 Pagesa growing gap between the rich and poor in the world today. This is also known as economic inequality which consists of disproportions in the distribution of income and wealth between rich and the poor. This essay will look into two articles, firstly it will analyze the disparity of wealth between rich and poor in United States. This essay will also try to explain why there is so much inequality by using different sociological theories. According to the Bloomberg (2017) article the gap between theRead MoreChapter 14 Taught Me A Great Deal About World Stratification939 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 14 taught me a great deal about world stratification and how the world system perspective works on an economic level. In order to understand world stratification we must understand how nationally the world is split up into classes. The three divisions of the stratification system are Core, Periphery and Semi-periphery. These were things I never heard of before, however I understand the divisions more fully now and realize how they tie into the poverty rates around the world. I also thoughtRead MoreSocial Stratification1189 Words   |  5 PagesQ1A. The question of the inevitability of social stratification is one of the fundamental bases of the theories of Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore. Davis and Moore (1945) argue that as long as there is division of labor in the society, and that there are variability in the roles wi th varying degrees of importance, stratification will occur. There is a significant difference in the wages of CEO’s and a minimum wage earner because according to the theory, there is a functional necessity of providingRead MoreSocial Inequality Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagescentury. Marx’s theory of stratification is very applicable to where society, especially in the United States, is heading today. According to Marx, society would become divided into two classes, the dominant capitalist or the working class. Essentially the capitalists consist of the owners of production within a country while the working class consists of the laborers. This represents uneven distribution of wealth and resources, which creates a system of stratification. According to Professor DomhoffRead MoreThe Battle with Social Class773 Words   |  4 PagesSocial class is a system of social stratification, the hierarchy creates specific types of social inequalities. Social inequality ref ers to the existence of social inequalities created such as ownership, types of occupation that creates differences in wealth, income and power, while social stratification refers to the existence of social groups. Class can be arranged to economic factors such as income, education, wealth and other factors at work. Poverty remains high and could argue that true poverty

Characteristics of a Good Boss free essay sample

The best boss I ever had was Michael, the owner of Russian restaurant â€Å"Fiddler† in Southfield Michigan. Besides â€Å"Fiddler†, he owned four over restaurants and had more than fifty employees working for him. All the workers loved him, because he definitely embraced the main characteristics of a good boss: Michael had experience and knowledge of the business, he was easy to communicate with and he cared about his people. A good boss knows his business and his employees; he knows what is going on and is able to provide the best resources. Our boss was competent; he could easily see mistakes we were doing, and he was able to show and explain how to correct them. It meant that Michael could roll up his sleeves at any time and help if the job needed to be done. A good boss must be the best in the field, so he can help and teach his employees if necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of a Good Boss or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Communication is a key to a prosperous business. Giving clear directions to the employees is very important; people must understand what expected from them. In addition, keeping in touch with each employee individually and listening, paying ttention to their needs and meeting them are also important. Our boss would take as much time as needed to explain the right way to do the job. If we had any problems with any task, it was easy to ask him for help; in fact, Michael always would approach each of the employees individually. A good boss recognizes employees, and lets them know that they are appreciated; he knows what is going on in their lives.

Schoolwork, Paid Jobs, and Leisure Activities an Example of the Topic All Posts by

Schoolwork, Paid Jobs, and Leisure Activities There is a substantial discrepancy in the "number of hours" adolescents or young people use up in compensated employment "across different countries" (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). Need essay sample on "Schoolwork, Paid Jobs, and Leisure Activities" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed In fact, young people in the United States work more hours as compared to the others living in other countries (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). In addition to that, according to official tabulation, young people whose gender are biologically males work more than that of the females; the females are usually helping out in their houses own chores, which is usually an unpaid job, of course (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). Meanwhile, statistical information gathered show that young people from "China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Taiwan" utilize ten percent more time on studying as compared with those in the United States (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). In fact, young people in "China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Taiwan" utilize five and a half hours to seven and a half hours focusing only on "schoolwork" while those in the United States only spare three to four and a half hours for it (Santrock, 2008, p. 432). On the other hand, in terms of time spent on "leisure activities", young people who dwell in "China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Taiwan" spend only twenty five to thirty five percent of their time on such (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). Young people in Europe however spend approximately thirty five to forty five percent of their time on "leisure activities" (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). The aforementioned is much lesser than the time spent by young people in the United States since they spend forty to fifty percent on "leisure activities" (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). For instance, young people in the United States hang out with their friends/acquaintances a lot, they also play games/sports, engage in hobbies, use different forms of "media", and interact with others by joining certain organizations (Santrock, 2008, p. 432). This is much different with the manner East Asian young people spend their "leisure time" (Santrock, 2008, p. 432). Young people, then in the US and other regions of the world differ in terms of the time they spend on "schoolwork, compensated jobs, as well as, leisure activities". Reference Santrock, J. (2008). Adolescence, 12th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education

The Elfstones of Shannara essays

The Elfstones of Shannara essays The Elfstones of Shannara takes place some time after the first novel The Sword of Shannara. In this epic tale the grandson of Shea Ohmsford is confronted with a task that may be more dramatic then his grandfathers. For Wil Ohmsford has to save the four lands from demon hordes, sealed long ago by the Ellcrys created by the elves to end a war of ages past. Now the Ellcrys is dying and the seal that banished the demons is fading. Allanon once again comes and brings with him the forbidding news of disaster facing the four lands. And he summons Wil from his studies to protect the Elven girl Amberle. The one that was chosen to bring the seed of the Ellcrys to the Bloodfire so that the tree can be reformed, and the demons banished once more. While Amberle and Wil adventure in their search for bloodfire the elves fight a hopeless war agenst the demons, with the help of Allanon. Wil and his charge search for the long forgotten resting-place of bloodfire and go up agenst many obstacles in a seemingly impossible quest. Before them is the Wilderun with impassible barriers as well as unknown dangers, covering the area where the bloodfire is disputed to flow. And behind them is the most fearsom of the demons, the Reaper who hunts them endlessly. The only power that Wil has at his disposal to defend them is the elfstones which where passed to him by his Grandfather. But he seems to have lost the power to control the stones. And weaponless, Amberle and he must brave the Wilderun with out there aid. ...

How to Structure a Business Report

How to Structure a Business Report How to Structure a Business Report The content of a business report will depend on what you are writing about. Even the writing style may depend on who you are writing for (although clear, concise and formal is usually best). However, there is a general structure that most business reports follow. In this post, then, we’ll look at how to structure a business report for maximum clarity and professionalism. 1. Title Page Every business report should feature a title page. The title itself should clearly set out what the report is about. Typically, you should also include your name and the date of the report. 2. Summary Most business reports begin with a summary of its key points. Try to include: A brief description of what the report is about How the report was completed (e.g., data collection methods) The main findings from the research Key conclusions and recommendations A paragraph or two should suffice for this in shorter business reports. However, for longer or more complex reports, you may want to include a full executive summary. 3. Table of Contents Short business reports may not need a table of contents, especially if they include a summary. But longer reports should set out the title of each section and the structure of the report. Make sure the headings here match those used in the main text. You may also want to number the sections. 4. Introduction The introduction is the first part of the report proper. Use it to set out the brief you received when you were asked to compile the report. This will frame the rest of the report by providing: Background information (e.g., business history or market information) The purpose of the report (i.e., what you set out to achieve) Its scope (i.e., what the report will cover and what it will ignore) These are known as the â€Å"terms of reference† for the business report. 5. Methods and Findings If you are conducting original research, include a section about your methods. This may be as simple as setting out the sources you are using and why you chose them. But it could also include how you have collected and analyzed the data used to draw your conclusions. After this, you will need to explain your findings. This section will present the results of your research clearly and concisely, making sure to cover all the main points set out in the brief. One tip here is to break the findings down into subsections, using headings to guide the reader through your data. Using charts and illustrations, meanwhile, can help get information across visually, but make sure to label them clearly so the reader knows how they relate to the text. 6. Conclusions and Recommendations The last main section of your report will cover conclusions and recommendations. The conclusion section should summarize what you have learned from the report. If you have been asked to do so, you should also recommend potential courses of action based on your conclusions. If you are not sure what to suggest here, think back to the objectives set out in your brief. 7. References If you have used any third-party sources while writing your report, list them in a bibliography after the main report. This could include other business documents, academic articles, or even news reports. The key is to show what you have based your findings and conclusions upon. 8. Appendices (If Applicable) Finally, you may have gathered extra documentation during your research, such as interview transcripts, marketing material, or financial data. Including this in the main report would make it too long and unfocused, but you can add it to an appendix (or multiple appendices) at the end of the document. It will then be available should your reader need it. Summary: How to Structure a Business Report If you are writing a business report, aim to structure it as follows: Title Page – Include a clear, informative title, your name, and the date. Summary – A brief summary of what the report is about, the data collection methods used, the findings of the report, and any recommendations you want to make. Table of Contents – For longer reports, include a table of contents. Introduction –Set out the brief you were given for the report. Methods and Findings – A description of any methods of data collection and analysis used while composing the report, as well as your findings. Conclusions and Recommendations – Any conclusions reached while writing the report, plus recommendations for what to do next (if required). References – Sources used in your report listed in a bibliography. Appendices – If you have supporting material (e.g., interview transcripts, raw data), add it to an appendix at the end of the document. Don’t forget, too, that a business report should be clear, concise, and formal. And if you would like help making sure that your business writing is easy to read and error free, just let us know.

Ben's Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ben's - Case Study Example This is because high neutrophil count can be due to several factors such as stress due to sudden bacterial infection or damage of tissues among others. C. Respiratory acidosis-Respiratory acidosis is caused by alveolar hypoventilation, which leads to increased hypercapnia. The tests results help determine whether respiratory acidosis is acute or chronic. 12. CFC is usually clear, colorless, and sterile and contains similar constituents to those present in blood, but in lower amounts. Thus, the physician was relived because sterile CSF proved that there was no bacterial infection in the CSF. She was considering the possibility of bacterial meningitis infection. 13. Antibiotics can change the normal microbial flora, which may result in toxicities where the drug is unable to differentiate between the host physiology and the pathogen physiology; hence, destroying both the normal bacteria and harmful bacteria. Thus, Ben’s condition deteriorated due destruction of the normal bacteria in his body, which promoted the growth of drug-resistant microorganisms (Bauman, 2011). 14. Hospitalized patients are quite vulnerable to staphylococci and gram-negative bacteria, which are highly dangerous for already ill patients. Thus, this could have contributed to Ben’s condition and placed him at a high risk of

Vocabulary Strategies with ELL Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vocabulary Strategies with ELL Students - Essay Example Students’ usage of first language for learning second language is the best practice for vocabulary learning as students can relate the words with one another. Students should be well equipped with knowledge of basic words as it is essential to excel with prior basic knowledge and for that purpose, transfer of cognate knowledge is required. It can be best implemented by allowing the students of ELL to find similarities and contrasts between their vocabulary of the words of their language and vocabulary of the second language. August, et al. (2005) informs that less efforts are done towards researching the best strategies for ELL students. However, transference of cognate knowledge is effective strategy for learning vocabulary. The second article that is taken for study is â€Å"Effective Instructional Strategies for English Language Learners in Mainstream Classrooms† by Susan (2004). According to Susan (2004), SIOP that can be abbreviated as Sheltered Instruction Observa tion Protocol is the best model that can be used for teaching students about English vocabulary. Susan (2004) explains that vocabulary plays an important role in language acquisition but lack of vocabulary appears as an obstruction for students of ELL in reading. There should be a vocabulary program setup for the vocabulary improvement of the English language learners. There are various stages that are described by Susan (2004) in the lieu of SIOP model. The whole exercise of planning and developing a program comes under the category of SIOP model. Word choice, allowance to students to use new words and new combinations and asking students to describe and explain words according to their own understanding, all are employed to teach the students of ELL to learn vocabulary. While using the approach of SIOP, the teachers should not use jargons or difficult words to teach students in order to facilitate them to learn in a comprehensible and easy manner.

Exaggerated Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Exaggerated Global Warming Essay Global warming is worldwidely experienced climatic phenomenon; but the question is, is it really that serious? Global warming has been a major issue as a result of industrialization as well as human progress since the past few decades. The cry to bring global warming to an end has been carried on by private in addition to international organizations since the initiative was first put forward. Global warming occurs as a result of devastating factors that negatively affect the climate. There are numerous sources that give details about the causes and effects of global warming. Each and every living organism has been negatively affected by the current global warming. This paper will evaluate various sources in order to demonstrate the dangers of global warming. Introduction Gupta asserts that global warming is primarily a change in the climatic conditions of the earth (p, 4). These climatic conditions differ as a result of various reasons; both internal and external. Changes to climatic conditions and thus global warming can occur as a result of natural, for example volcanic emissions and solar activity, or man-made circumstances, such as deforestation. The issue concerning global warming in the United States has in the past few years generated heated debates in the political arena. The former U. S. Vice President, Al Gore, an anti-global warming crusader, through the U. S. National Assessment of Global Warming as pointed out by Harmon, convinced a lot of people that global warming manifest an evident and current danger to the United States (p, 29). However, Al Gore’s report was termed as a misrepresentation claiming that it portrayed deliberate scientific deceit for the purpose of political agenda (Johnston para, 7). Many people, according to Johnston, claim that Al Gore failed the movement for climatic change and that his negligence resulted in an irreplaceable harm to the climate (para, 8). All in all Al Gore notes that global warming is an overwhelming danger currently facing the United States and the world at large. Gore asserts that left uncontrolled, global warming will tremendously affect the future of humankind (Harmon p, 36). Exaggerated Global Warming Global warming occurs as a result of a combination of numerous factors. The solar variation theory, according to DSilva, states that the suns energy has been increasing day by day over the past sixty or so years (para, 1). This theory states that the sun may now be acting as a major cause of global warming. Studies, as illustrated by DSilva, have revealed that the amount of sunspots in a particular area directly affects the amount of time taken by the nearby earth to cool (para, 1). The sun acts as the main source of energy to the earth. The earth takes in a very large percent of the earth’s solar flax. As a result of this flax, the earth, land, and ocean’s atmospheric temperatures increase drastically (Sinha p, 89). Orbital forcing, as Sinha states, is the other factor believed to be a natural cause of global warming (p, 90). The slow tilting of the axis of the earth is also believed to have some negative effects on the climate. This tilting causes the sun to be positioned at different angles than normal, thereby causing it to hit the icebergs. The most significant cause of global warming is the greenhouse effect (Sinha p, 91). Green house effect is the increase in earth’s surface temperature as a result of infrared radiation from the atmosphere. Green house effect has led to an in crease in the atmospheric temperature by about 24%. Increase in carbon dioxide is the main factor that results in greenhouse effect (Gupta p, 8). Methane is the other gas that is linked to global warming. The other factor that may lead to global warming is solar variations; these are the changes that occur in the quantity of radiant energy emitted by the sun. Rapid industrialization is the other factor, in addition to natural causes, that result in an increase in global warming presently. Global warming is believed to have first been experienced about 8,000 years ago with the start of agriculture (Maslin p, 40). Forests were cleared, a factor that increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Industrialization is believed to increase the release of gases, including carbon dioxide and methane, which lead to global warming to the atmosphere. Forests are cleared in order to establish industries. Cutting down of trees results in an increase in the amount of carbon in the atmosphere as trees contain a very high quantity of carbon. Burning of fuel fossils is the other humankind activity that increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and, thus an increase in global warming. Over the past two decades the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that results in global warming has increased by about 80% (DSilva para, 5). Although global warming is believed to cause numerous negative environmental effects, it is hard to link specific conditions to global warming. It is also hard to tell whether the link between the global warming and the tremendous global effects attributed to it are true. The former vice president of the United States, Al Gore, was highly criticized for publishing work that many claimed over exaggerated the effects of global warming for political gains (Harmon p, 41). However, the effects of global warming are dangerous and real. The two major effects of global warming are increase in the atmospheric temperature by approximately 3Â ° to 5Â ° C, and the rise of sea level by about 25 meters (Roleff p, 54). Increase in global temperatures result in a wide range of changes including rise in sea levels as a result of thermal expansion of the ocean, along with melting of the land ice. The numbers as well as the patterns of climatic phenomenon predictions are changing at a very high rate as a result of global warming (Maslin p, 45). The total power of hurricanes has increased as a result of global warming; this is due to the increase in their average intensity and duration. Extreme changes in temperature and patterns of prediction increase the frequency, duration, and magnitude of other climatic events such as floods, tornadoes, heat waves as well as draughts (Roleff p, 68). Hurricanes as well as other storms are likely to become more and more intense if the current rate of global warming is not checked (Gupta p, 16). Global warming leads to a drastic reduction in agricultural production. It also leads to glacial retreat, lesser summer street flows, and extinction of certain species. Some species are moving from regions experiencing adverse effects of global warming to cooler regions. This if left unchecked will result in tremendous changes in the ecosystems. Global warming is also believed to cause diseases, which had been eradicated in certain places, to return with severe consequences (Schneider p, 57). On average, precipitation has increased across the world. Schneider notes that the amount of fresh water drastically reduces with increase in global warming (p, 75). This leaves a lot of people as well as animals which rely on it for drinking water and power production without a source. Scientists predict that heat waves, hot extremes in addition to heavy precipitation will become a common phenomenon (Roleff p, 51). Scientists argue that the sea will become more acidic as a result of taking up more carbon dioxide (Schneider p, 79). Global warming, as asserted by Kriengsak, causes devastating economic effects to the U. S. as well as the whole world (para, 1). Kriengsak argues that tornadoes and hurricanes in addition to other storms result in bullions of dollars in damage, disease and control of conflicts that may arise (para, 4). Global warming, according to Roleff, is also believed to be the major cause of extreme cold weather that has recently afflicted the eastern and southern regions of the United States (p, 87). This is believed to be as a result of movement of cold polar air masses to the southern regions. Global warming is also attributed to heavy snow falls. This is due to the fact that higher temperatures results in more evaporation of water in addition to higher humidity content in the atmosphere, and therefore to heavier snows incase the warm, humid air comes across cold air masses moving to the southern regions from the polar regions. The real exaggeration of global warming as a result of man-made related factors must be somehow greater than a factor of two, due to the fact that most of the rise in atmospheric temperature occurred before 1940, but carbon dioxide in addition to other green house gases entered the atmosphere after 1940 (Maslin p, 65). This may lead to a conclusion that the effect of green house can only be accountable for only a few proportions of the observed rise in temperature. Exaggeration of global warming for the last few years, as argued by Maslin, is important as it acts as a resource of the forecasts of a devastating global warming in the next century (p, 112). Conclusion It can therefore be concluded that global warming, which is primarily a change in the climatic conditions of the earth, is a real danger to not only the united states, but also to the rest of the world. Private as well as international organizations have been in the forefront in the fight against global warming. The former vice president of the U. S, Al Gore, though was highly criticized, clearly illustrated the effects of global warming to humankind. The two major effects of global warming are increase in the atmospheric temperature by approximately 3Â ° to 5Â ° C, and the rise of sea level by about 25 meters. Global warming has also resulted in an increase in the total power of hurricanes due to the increase in their average intensity and duration. Global warming leads to a drastic reduction in agricultural production. Global warming causes devastating economic effects to the U. S. as well as the whole world. It also leads to glacial retreat, lesser summer street flows, and extinction of certain species. Work Cited: DSilva, Roy. What Causes Global Warming? N. d. viewed on May 4, 2010 from http://www. buzzle. com/articles/what-causes-global-warming. html Gupta, KR. Global Warming, ISBN 8126908815: Atlantic Publishers Distributors, 2008 Johnston, Robert. Falsehoods in Gores An Inconvenient Truth, 2006 viewed on May 4, 2010 from http://www. johnstonsarchive. net/environment/gore. html Kriengsak, Global Warming: The Economic Risk Factor, n. d. viewed on May 4, 2010 from http://blog. nationmultimedia. com/print. php? id=1693 Maslin, Mark. Global Warming: Causes, Effects, and the Future, ISBN0760329656: Voyageur Press, 2007 Roleff, Tamara. Barbour, Scott. and Swisher, Karin. Global warming: opposing viewpoints, ISBN 1565105125: Greenhaven Press, 1997 Schneider, Stephen. Global warming: are we entering the greenhouse century? ISBN 0718828151: James Clarke Co. , 1990 Sinha, PC. Global Warming, ISBN 817488954X: Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. , 1998 Harmon, Daniel. Al Gore and Global Warming, ISBN 1404217614: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008

Hamlet †the Irony Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet – the Irony  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The existence of considerable irony within the Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet is a fact recognized by most literary critics. This paper will examine the play for instances of irony and their interpretation by critics.    In his essay â€Å"O’erdoing Termagant† Howard Felperin comments on Hamlet’s â€Å"ironic consciousness† of the fact that he is unable to quickly execute the command of the ghost:    Our own intuition of the creative or re-creative act that issued in the play also assumes a struggle with the literary past, but one of a more complex nature. It would seem to be Hamlet who is unable to impose successfully the model of an old play upon the intractable material of his present life, and Shakespeare who dramatizes with unfailing control the tragic conflict between his heroic effort to do so and his ironic consciousness that it cannot be done, with the inevitable by-products of hesitation and delay. (107-108)    Right at the outset of the drama, there is irony exhibited in the manner in which Shakespeare characterizes King Claudius – he is simply the perfect ruler – and yet, shortly hereafter when the ghost appears, he is revealed as a truly evil sort. George Lyman Kittredge, in his book, Five Plays of Shakespeare, describes the Bard’s excellent characterization of Claudius:    King Claudius is a superb figure – almost as great a dramatic creation as Hamlet himself. His intellectual powers are of the highest order. He is eloquent – formal when formality is appropriate (as in the speech from the throne), graciously familiar when familiarity is in place (as is his treatment of the family of Polonius), persuasive to an almost superhuman degree (as in his manipulation of the i... ...go: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Rose, Mark. â€Å"Reforming the Role.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.    Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.      

Metaphysics Essay

Plato vs. Freud on Metaphysics Plato and Freud have made great strides in their respective fields of study. Both men have made a lasting impact on the way we now as humans view the world that we live in. Plato and Freud have similarities in views that they share but they also have some differences metaphysically. Plato believes that what is ultimately real are ideas, he believes that images are imperfect representations of the perfect concepts. While Freud believes what is physically real is by the evolution of man. Freud ultimately puts his faith in what he can see and analyze in front of him instead of what he cannot. Freud developed a â€Å"talking cure† which he would let the hysterical patient talk freely about the earliest occurrences which would then entirely eliminate the patient’s symptoms.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦developed the idea that many neuroses (phobias, hysterical paralysis and pains, some forms of paranoia, and so forth) had their origins in deeply traumatic experiences, which had occurred in the patient’s past but which were now forgotten–hidden from consciousness. The treatment was to enable the patient to recall the experience to consciousness, to confront it in a deep way both intellectually and emotionally, and in thus discharging it, to remove the underlying psychological causes of the neurotic symptoms.† Plato answers the question of metaphysics by saying of ideas and ideal forms and Freud answers the metaphysical question through his belief in human nature. For Plato what is ultimately real are ideas and Ideal forms. Plato believes that the object was constantly changing so the ideal form is what was ultimately real. Everything in existence has a form of perfection for itself. All things in the physical world work in their existence to approach their perfection. An object, living or dead, always works in some way or another to meet its nature. For example, if you have a brand new table in your house the brand new table itself is not perfect. It is not perfect because the table itself is in a constant state of change. There is however a perfect ideal form of the table that does not change. â€Å"It is most of all from Plato that we get the theory of Forms, according to which the world we know through the senses is only an imitation of the pure, eternal, and unchanging world of the Forms.† While on the other hand Freud believes ultimately what is real is physical matter the whole universe is in evolution, which means he believes in no God or Gods. He concludes that all religious beliefs are illusions that have little proof. Freud also believed that the evolution that man had endured from the beginning to where he stood presently is what is ultimately real. â€Å"The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, whose practice began in 1885, believed that each person’s subconscious mind was fraught with desires stemming from earlier phases of evolution. These desires, suppressed by modern society, accounted for much of neurotic behavior. Likewise, an individual’s personality was at least partially determined by heredity.† Freud believes that evolution plays a very pressing role in the lives of humans and that is what is real in the world. Further, what is ultimately real about humans is that man is the highest and most complex of all living creatures whose personali ty is composed of three interacting parts—the Id, the Ego and the Super-ego. The Id (or it) part of the psyche is the primitive instinctive component of personality. It consists of all of the inherited biological components of personality including the sex life. The Id is impulsive and unconscious and responds immediately to the instincts of human beings. The personality of a newborn child is all id and later it starts to develop ego and superego. The ego develops in order to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision-making component of personality. The ego only satisfies the id on the realistic terms sometimes compromises to avoid negative consequences of society. The superego incorporates the values and morals of society, which are learned from one’s parents and others. It develops around the age of 3 – 5 during the phallic stage of psychosexual development. Through all of these different stages in personally there are some check and balance stages that go along with stages. For example if the id wants something that is wrong and the ego lets the person have such thing, guilt can come into play. â€Å"The superego consists of two systems: The conscience and the ideal self. The conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. For example, if the ego gives in to id demands, the superego may make the person feel bad though guilt.† Freud and Plato have made great strides in influencing the world after their work in their respective fields was completed. Freud has influenced many great psychologists after him and Plato has done the same in his respective field of philosophy. Freud influenced the minds such as: Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, Alfred Alder, Erik Erikson, and Carl Jung. Freud’s influences in his field were great toward the constant search for a deeper analysis of how the mind works. â€Å"His work supported the belief that not all mental illnesses have physiological causes and he also offered evidence that cultural differences have an impact on psychology and behavior. His work and writings contributed to our understanding of personality, clinical psychology, human development and abnormal psychology.† Plato as well left a lasting impression on philosophers after him. He gave great insight to know the world around him works and functions. Plato’s ideas were used to jus tify some religions and certain academic subjects. Plato gave a lot to the teachers and scholars after him. â€Å"In his lifetime he was the most celebrated teacher of his day. After his death his ideas were taken up by countless other thinkers. Philo of Alexandria used Plato’s ideas to give a philosophical framework to Judaism. Early Christian writers eagerly embraced Plato’s thought as the best available instrument for explaining and defending the teachings of the Bible and church tradition. Of the Christian Platonists, St. Augustine of Hippo was the best known and most influential. Plato’s influence spread into Islam as well, through the writings of the philosophers Avicenna and Averroes.† Freud and Plato are not just polar opposites they have things in common as well. They both thought that trouble in the human soul/mind arises when the three parts don’t work in harmony with each other. Plato thought that the key to such harmonious relationship was to yield control to the rational soul; after all, he was the founder of the rationalist program in philosophy. Freud, on the other hand, concentrated on dealing with the id by means of psychoanalytical techniques. The difference of these men is clearly seen but they also have ideas that intertwine them. Plato thought the human soul, which we now call the mind, was made up of three parts: appetitive, rational, and the spiritual soul. Freud in turn in his career built a system around Plato’s comparable ideas. The system was: id similar to the appetitive soul, ego similar to the rational soul, and superego similar to the spiritual soul. Both men have given the world a foundation to build upon and expand their theories. References Brickhouse, Thomas, and Nicolas D. Smith. â€Å"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.† Plato []. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. Thornton, Stephen P. â€Å"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.† Freud, Sigmund []. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. KR, Holmes. â€Å"Result Filters.† National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. Lorenz, Hendrik. â€Å"Ancient Theories of Soul.† Stanford University. Stanford University, 23 Oct. 2003. Web. 27 Feb. 2014.

Family involvement Essay

Another issue that marks anime is that it is an escape from reality. Past the obvious supernatural powers, there are several issues that are indicative of Japanese society. An example of this is the Japanese fascination with powerful women in anime; the female characters are not the submissive women of Japanese society, but they are still regarded as inferior to men. Anime also deals with current Japanese issues. For instance, the Roujin Z anime centers on an experiment to deal with the problem of care for the elderly. Such issues such as the Ie and the aging population are openly discussed. Some issues that it deals with are expressed at the message that women are sexual objects has become almost epidemic in Japanese culture, and that male chauvinism is everywhere. Many career women in Japan seem to be so disgusted with things that they refuse to marry. In line with this, Boden (2001) asserts: The role of women in Japan is a hot topic amongst commentators on the state of contemporary Japan. While it is important to consider analysis drawn from statistics and surveys, it is also important to look at how popular culture defines the modern Japanese woman. Consequently, Japanese animation, as a form of popular culture, can be used as an analysis of the role of women in Japanese society. Through looking at how women are portrayed in a broad sweep of Japanese animation over the last ten years or so, we can begin to identify the role of women in contemporary Japanese society. And too many men are expected to sacrifice themselves to their jobs, to the point of having no family involvement. When a man retires, he sometimes becomes trapped in a family he doesn’t know, with nothing to do, and he tends to die soon after from his sudden lack of purpose. Historically, like almost every culture on the planet, Japan has tended toward idealizing male dominance and female submissiveness. However, women have not been invisible, especially in Japan’s early years. Some of Japan’s greatest literary figures were women, such as the novelist Lady Murasaki, who lived about a thousand years ago. However, when Japan became war-oriented and feudal, women quickly became second-class citizens. Most women were treated as they have been treated throughout history: as merchandise, or servants, and as heir-producing machines. The concentration of the following analysis is on mainstream youth-oriented works, not as much on the adult-male oriented manga. Even with the youth-oriented works, one should remember a few key points. First, many manga are targeted at either girls or boys, and can be classified as either girls’ or boys’ comics. (see glossary) Generally, though not always, boys’ comics are told from a male perspective, and vice versa. Also, girls’ comics tend to focus on human relationships more than the boys’ comics; the latter focus more on competition or contests of will (such as a detective struggling to close a case). Lastly, girls’ comics tend to have artwork that is dreamier and softer, while boys’ comics tend to be brasher and flashier. Also, Japanese manga for young people tend to be far more intricate, human, philosophical, and mature than American comics. Responsibility and the consequences of one’s actions are taught at all levels; so is the essentially humanity of even one’s enemies (usually). Conversely, the increased maturity level also means that nudity and sexual themes are present in comics meant for grade scholars. The theme of â€Å"men ought to be stronger than women† is a pervading theme that can sum up a lot of gender relations in manga and anime. The idea is that women, no matter how strong or independent they are, are actually looking for someone who they can depend on and who will protect them. There are a variety of different types of female roles in anime. A recent style of manga and anime introduces the â€Å"Super Woman† notion. Main character heroines are stronger and smarter than everyone else around them, including their love interests. And, unlike some other manga, they are not ashamed to be better, and they fight hard to stay sharp and competent. The male doesn’t strive to change/lower the woman, but instead strives to raise himself to her level Still, there is a more alarming reason for moviegoers’ rejection of live-action Japanese films. Their flight to anime is an inevitable result of the ethnic self-denial that has suffused Japanese society ever since the Meiji era, and especially since the end of World War II. Bent on achieving the goals of modernization and Westernization, the Japanese, in rejecting their own history and traditions, have sought to become Nihonjin-banare (de-Japanized) — a generally complimentary term, implying that one looks and acts more like a Westerner or a Caucasian than the average Japanese. â€Å"Japaneseness-free† might convey the nuance of the term even better. Take a look at the animated characters featured in anime. Physically they are â€Å"de-Japanized Japanese† — a blend of Japanese and Caucasian characteristics. Given the setting of Princess Mononoke, it is obvious that the characters are intended to be pure Japanese (or at least Mongoloid), yet their features are nearly identical to the presumably Caucasian characters in Miyazaki’s earlier work, Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind, a fantasy set in a future world suggestive of medieval Europe. (The heroine herself is named after the daughter of King Alcinous of Homer’s The Odyssey). In Miyazaki’s animation there is no physical distinction between Japanese and Caucasians. Evangelion features a Japanese girl, Rei, and Asuka, a girl who is one-quarter German and three-quarters Japanese. Apart from Asuka’s Caucasian attributes of light brown hair and blue eyes, there are no significant differences in the facial features or physical development of the two girls. One should also note that Rei has blue hair and red eyes rather remarkable traits for a Japanese girl!

Pro Wrestling Essays - WWE Hall Of Fame, American Christians

Pro Wrestling Essays - WWE Hall Of Fame, American Christians Pro Wrestling English 101 Mr. Lamore The Real World of Pro Wrestling If You Smeeelll What The Rock Is Cooking! This saying used by The Rock has become a very regular saying amongst young men. For the reason, being wrestling has climbed out of the gutter from where it was in the late 80s and early 90 right back into the spotlight. It has retained its, popularity due to the fact it has attracted many different people from age, gender, and ethnicity. When people think about wrestling most of them will tell you how fake it is, but is it? There are variable myths that come to the mind of many Americans when it comes to wrestling. Yes it is true that punches are pulled, the winner of the match is already decided, and most of it is choreographed. So in a sports since wrestling is fake, but to a lot of blue collar Americans it really doesnt matter. Its a mans version of a soap opera. In that people are always changing sides, friends are turning on each other. Another thing that most people think is that all these guys are just pretty faces with no prior wrestling experience. That is false in the sense that most of these wrestlers were All-American wrestlers in college. The Stiener Brothers, Rick and Scott were accomplished All-Americans at Michigan. Mike Rotunda was a All-American at Syracuse. Kurt Angle was an Olympic champion in Atlanta in 1996. Something else that people do not understand is that wrestlers are on the road 300-320 d ays out of the year. So when it comes to them needing time off, there will usually be an angle where a wrestler will pretend to be injured to take time off. They may also be written out of the script completely until they are fully refreshed. Then they will usually come back with a big angle. Then there are times when the injuries are real. Due to the pain that a wrestler will work through to put on a show for us, thus many wrestlers usually will take some kind of pain killer. We are not talking about Motrin or Advil here. We are talking about Codeine and Morphine very powerful sedatives. Brian Pillman, and Rick Rude, both former world champions, died because they overdosed on painkillers. Many wrestlers have had to give up their careers due to their back being injured. A back injury most common injury to a wrestler. Which The Heartbreak Kid Shawn Micheals, Stone Cold Steve Austin, and The British Bulldog Davey Boy Smith all had to retire from their back being injured. I remember th e first time I finally realized that wrestling was fake. I was 12 years old and my brother took me to go and watch The Ultimate Warrior versus The Undertaker in Fresno, CA. The Warrior won by DQ. Then about a month later, I go to Las Vegas to visit my sister, and she takes me to go and watch a wrestling match. To my disbelief its the same exact match which I saw a month earlier same moves same everything. Needless to say, I was heartbroken. Now what would wrestling be with out your Super Heroes or Villains. Today we call the Hero the face and the Villain the heel. The most popular wrestler of all time must be Hulk Hogan. Every kid I knew growing up said their prayers, ate their vitamims, and worked hard. Those were the Hulksters Commandments. Since Hogan has passed on. A different breed of heroes have emerged such as The Rock, Stone Cold Steve Austin, Sting. Now we cant forget about the bad guys such as Ric Flair, HHH, or Jeff Jarrett. Flair and The Four Horsemen terrorized the world of wrestling for most of the 80s and the early 90s, just like HHH and DX are doing to the WWF or Jeff Jarrett and the Young Blood are doing in WCW. It seems that all of the most notorious bad guys in the business ran in-groups such as The NWO, which consisted of such big names as Hulk Hogan, Kevin Nash, and Scott Hall. Degeneration X or D/X as they are called (HHH, Road Dawg, X-Pac. One thing that I

Using the Spanish Verb Saber

Using the Spanish Verb Saber Saber is a common verb whose basic meaning is to have knowledge or to have knowledge of. Although it is often translated as to know, it should not be confused with conocer, which also is often translated as to know. The basic meaning of saber can be seen most clearly when it is followed by a noun or a phrase functioning as a noun:  ¿Sabe alguien los horarios de los buses desde el aeropuerto? Does anyone know the times of the buses from the airport?Nuestra presidente no sabe inglà ©s. Our president doesnt know English.No se sabe mucho de su muerte. Not much is known about his death.Sà © bien la verdad. I know the truth well.Nunca sabemos el futuro. We never know the future. When followed by an infinitive, saber often means to know how: El que no sabe escuchar no sabe entender. The one who doesnt know how to listen doesnt know how to understand.No saben escribir en cursiva. They dont know how to write in cursive.El problema era que los dos no sabà ­amos nadar. The problem was that the two of us didnt know how to swim. Saber can mean to find out. This is especially true when it is used in the preterite tense: Supe que todos tenemos cosas en comà ºn. I found out that all of us have things in common.Nunca supieron que estaban equivocados. They never found out that they were mistaken. In context, saber can be used to say to have news about someone or something: No sà © nada de mi madre. I dont have any news about my mother. The phrase saber a can be used to indicate what something tastes like: Yo no he comido iguana, pero se dice que sabe a pollo. I havent eaten iguana, but they say it tastes like chicken. Remember that saber is conjugated irregularly.

The Issue of Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Issue of Discrimination - Essay Example The country has literally shed blood of innocent civilians to fight for few basic rights that are God-given. Racism and prejudice are clearly present through Terkel’s narration of Ellis as he projects his emotional level of prejudice, his self-justification, and his displaced aggression. One of the main concepts of prejudice and racism that is outlined in Ellis’s narration is his level of prejudice that is prevalent throughout his life. Vincent Parillo, author of Causes of Prejudices questions the whole essence of social categories of racism, which is then depicted in Terkel’s work. When people are nurtured in an environment where they are biased culturally against a group of individuals; they naturally assume that those views are correct. This can be no doubt detrimental as these perspectives are embraced and become the foundation for hatred. Prejudicial attitudes are prevalent amongst many groups and are a key catalyst towards conducing hatred. In this particul ar scenario, the narrator shows his hostility towards African Americans as he terrifies the young African American kid with a gun. The whole narration is brilliantly captured in this scenario below: Clearly, here his emotions got the best of him as he traumatized the African American kid without any remorse. Undoubtedly, his anger got the best of him as he held a hostile attitude for no logical reasoning. Clearly one cannot conduct an analysis of the root causes of prejudices without understanding the true cognitive roots of the psychology that individuals possess regarding this issue. The psychological approach to this issue tends to mainly focus on the levels of prejudice, self-justification, personality and frustrations that become key components of this issue.  Again, Ellis is the remarkable example of that as he joins the KKK to self-justify his actions. The human nature undoubtedly in many matters is to self-justify their actions from their own reasoning. Self-justifying hat red and racism is derived to logical thinking that humans are blessed with. However, philosophers argue that humans although have the great capacity of justifying the wrong reasoning for our actions. A brilliant example of this is prevalent throughout history. The genocide of Jews that occurred during World War II serves as a dark reminder of how an extremist group can rally for support and modify the perspective of a huge society. Another classical example can be seen throughout the reign of the Crusaders in which the Muslims and the Jews suddenly were public enemies for the name of Christ. Sociologists tend to emphasize the fact that self-justification can work the other way too.   A great example of a self-justifying group can be clearly seen through the rise and the terror caused by the KKK. The re-enlightenment of the second era had many different views than its predecessors. Post 1920, the Klan grew a strong membership of 4 to 5 million. Unlike the first Klan movement in the reconstruction era, it extended beyond the traditional motives. The second wave of the Klan continued to focus national agendas at hand that went beyond the agrarian economy. Since the Klan compromised majority of white and Protestant, it was vital that they

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Case Study - Essay Example Her mother seemed particularly agitated and anxious because Cherry had â€Å"passed out† during her last episode of vomiting. She complained of severe abdominal pain and feeling hot. She seemed drowsy and lethargic as she was taken into the Emergency department. The nurse on duty made an initial assessment of Cherry in order that she could take better care of her. She found that Cherry had an acetone smell to her breath and inquired if she had taken any drugs or alcohol the previous day, but Cherry denied taking any such thing. She also found that Cherry complained of having pain in all quadrants of her abdomen. Taking into consideration the blood results and reviewing the client history, the physician as well as the nurse concluded that Cherry Honeywell had â€Å"Diabetic ketoacidosis†. Cherry’s mother was visibly shocked and could not believe that her daughter was a diabetic. The reason for concluding that Cherry had a condition called â€Å"Diabetic Ketoacidosis† was because the nurse found the urine containing â€Å"ketones†. The nurse was very vigilant in informing the doctor of Cherry’s condition because such a condition if left untreated immediately could lead to coma and death. It is still a mystery as to the actual cause of diabetes, but the Medical Fraternity believe that environmental factors and genetics like obesity and lack of exercise play major roles. In fact most people are not even aware that they have diabetes. In this test a person’s blood glucose level is checked after a fast and two hours after drinking a glucose rich beverage. If the blood glucose level is between 140 and 199 mg/dl then the person has pre-diabetes. If the blood sugar level is above 200 mg/dl then the person is suffering from diabetes. To prepare the patient for an IV Cannula, the nurse rubs Emla cream on Cherry’s hands. The IV Therapy commenced by giving her 1000ml of Normal Saline at 0345 hours

Management Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management Strategy - Assignment Example Lynch (2003) asserts that resource based strategy of the firm uses unique knowledge base that is creatively applied on all tangible and intangible assets to above average return. Thus, various business processes, innovative products and services, human capital etc. become strong elements of RBC. Apple, Huawei, GM, Wal-Mart etc. are exemplary examples that have been able to maintain their market position through innovative products and services across the globe. Apple and Huawei have creatively evolved new features and techniques in mobile devices to suit the changing requirements of the new generation. The technology driven resource based strategy that exploits the information to give distinct differentiation to its products and gain leverage. GM has innovated green technologies to make its cars environment friendly. Wal-Mart, on other hand, has judiciously used I/O framework to enhance efficiency of its business processes. The information vis-Ã  -vis customers’ changing preferences are used both in new product develop and value addition as well as in logistics to give quality services to its customers and maintain its niche market

Why Is Glacier Equilibrium Line Altitude Important Environmental Sciences Essay

Why Is Glacier Equilibrium Line Altitude Important Environmental Sciences Essay Explain With Examples Why the Glacier Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) Is Of Such Key Importance for the Glacier-Climate Relationship. Palaeoclimatic reconstructions based on the limits of former glaciers use estimates of the associated equilibrium line altitudes (Benn and Gemmell 1997). The equilibrium line altitude is defined as the elevation at which mass balance is equal, where accumulation of snow is exactly balanced by ablation over a period of a year (Hoinkes, 1970) meaning that mass balance and the equilibrium line altitude for individual glaciers are usually strongly correlated (Braithwaite and Raper 2010). Therefore there is a very close connection between the Equilibrium Line Altitude and local climate, providing an important indicator of glacier response to climate change and hence allowing for reconstructions of former climates and the prediction of future glacier behaviour (Benn and Lehmkuhl, 2000). In order to truly understand the, often complicated, relationship between a glaciers equilibrium line altitude and the corresponding climate of the local area, definitions of mass balance, accumulation and ablation area and the equilibrium line altitude, must be initially discussed. The ablation area is the lower region of a glacier where snow loss (ablation) exceeds snowfall. The melting of the glacier and the calving of icebergs is the major form of ablation, expressed quantitatively as units of water equivalent, given in meters (Braithwaite 2002). The accumulation area is the upper region of a glacier where snow accumulation exceeds melting. A simplified description in the identification of a cirque depicts the area being an arm chair-shaped bowl (Flint 1971) with the headwall exceeding 35 degrees and the arcuate floor underachieving 20 degrees (Evans 1977). Accumulation occurs mostly through snowfall whether it is direct or blown from neighbouring plateaus and summits. The equilibrium line altitude (ELA) is the boundary between the ablation area and the accumulation area, the elevation at which mass balance is equal, where accumulation of snow is exactly balanced by ablation over a period of a year (Hoinkes 1970). Glacier mass balance is the total difference between the gains and losses over a given period of time, for example a calculation of positive mass, explains that the glacier is gaining mass overall and a negative calculation when the glacier is being seen as losing mass (Benn and Evans 1997). On many glaciers, the amount of annual ablation and accumulation varies systematically with altitude, although this simple pattern is often complicated by local influences. Glacier mass balance reflects the climate of the region in which the glacier is situated together with site specific glacier morphology and local topographic setting. The idea of mass balance is therefore an important link between climatic inputs and glacier behaviour allowing the advance and retreat of many glaciers to be understood in terms of region or global climatic change. Because the equilibrium line is the place where annual accumulation totals exactly balance ablation totals, the ELA is closely connected with local climate, particularly precipitation and air temperatures, being highly sensitive to perturbations in either of these 2 variables, with rises in response to decreasing snowfall and/or increasing frequency of positive air temperatures and vice versa (Benn and Evans 1997). Perhaps the best illustration of glacier-climate interaction is the relationship between the net balance and the ELA. When the annual mass balance of the glacier as a whole is negative the ELA rises, and when the balance is positive, the ELA falls. Variations in the altitude of the equilibrium line on a particular glacier, therefore, can be used as an indicator of climatic fluctuations (Kuhn, 1981). It is useful to specify the climate at the ELA as some unique combination of precipitation and temperature. (Benn and Evans) If a climate change occurs that increases the mass balance the glacier will advance, in an attempt to reach a new equilibrium position. The surplus of accumulation that exists must be balanced by an increase in ablation, which is accomplished by expanding the low-elevation terminus zone of the ablation area. If a climate change occurs that overall reduces the mass balance, the glacier will retreat in an attempt to achieve equilibrium. The retreat will reduce the area of the glacier in the lowest elevation terminus area where ablation is highest. If by retreat mass balance equilibrium is reached the glacier will cease retreating. However, the definition of the ELA initially does not imply that the glacier is in equilibrium and therefore the glacier may be gaining or losing mass on an annual basis. The ELA value associated with zero annual mass balance for the whole glacier is known as the steady-state ELA. When the annual ELA coincides with the steady-state ELA, ice mass and geometry are in equilibrium with climate, and the glacier will neither grow nor shrink. (Benn and Lehmkuhl 2000) However, majority of individual glacier ELAs deviate significantly from local climate ideals due, for example, to patterns of shading and snow redistribution by wind and avalanching. The main variables affecting mass balance at the ELA are winter precipitation (accumulation) and summer temperatures (ablation). A strong relationship exists between summer temperature and precipitation at the ELA of modern glaciers and this has been shown empirically by Ohmura et al. (1992) for 70 glaciers worldwide. Ohmura et al. found that winter accumulation plus summer precipitation (= annual precipitation) had a close relationship with summer temperature (Jun/July/Aug) However, Hughes and Braithwaite (2008) showed that the relationship between accumulation and summer temperature at the glacier ELA was more complicated with annual temperature range playing an important role. They continued to show that because of the role of annual temperature range, there must be a relationship between annual mean temperature and accumulation on a glacier Within the following pages the focus develops upon tropical glaciers in the Andes range, due to their particular degree of variance along latitude in relation to the zero degree isotherm. The difference between the ELA and 0 °C isotherm is a good indicator of the sensitivity of tropical glaciers to climatic global warming. It rises significantly from below zero meters in the inner tropics to several hundred metres in the outer tropics. From below zero degrees: the 0 °C isotherm is above the ELA (Kaser and George 1997). Thus, glaciers in the outer tropics may be more easily affected by changes in precipitation as it governs the albedo and radiation balance. The outer tropics and inner tropics vary significantly regarding this, illustrating the extent of variability of glacier-climate relationships. Within the Peruvian Andes, mass accumulation takes place only during the wet season and predominately in the upper parts of the glaciers, whereas ablation occurs throughout the whole ye ar. Thus, the vertical budget gradient is much stronger on tropical tongues than on those in mid latitudes (Lliboutry, morales and Schneider, 1997). Consequently under equilibrium conditions, tropical ablation areas are markedly smaller and the accumulation area ratio (AAR) has to be considered larger than in mid latitudes (Kaser and George 1997). (Benn et al 2005) Glaciers of the tropics and subtropics inhabit high altitudes and differ in important ways from mid-and high-latitude glaciers in lower topographic settings. Consequently the methods used to reconstruct and interpret former glacier equilibrium line altitudes in low altitude regions need to be tailored to local conditions, as methods and protocols developed for other settings may not be appropriate. Annual variations in mean daily temperatures are smaller than diurnal temperatures ranges. This constancy in the mean daily temperatures in the topics means that the 0 degree Celsius atmospheric isotherm maintains a fairly constant altitude and ablation occurs on the lower parts of glaciers all year. Vertical mass balance profiles are also influenced by climatic setting. In the humid tropics ablation gradients tend to be steeper than in drier environments, due to altitudinal variations in the amount of snow, sleet and rain falling on the ablation zone during the wet months. Thus the mass balance profiles of tropical glaciers tend to exhibit a sharper inflection at the equilibrium line than those of mid latitudes glaciers. The accurate reconstruction of past ELAs requires that the extent and morphology of the former glaciers can be accurately determined. Furthermore the age of the reconstructed glacier needs to be determined to enable researchers to use the ELAs as proxies for past climatic conditions (Benn 2005). The simplest assumption is that all ELA can be attributed to changes in temperature, which can be estimated by using an assumed average environmental lapse rate in the atmosphere. However, if there were associated changes in precipitation, the estimated temperature change would be different. The point applies even in humid tropics. For example, Kaser and Osmaston 2002 found that 20th century changes in the ELAs of glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca cannot be determined by temperature changes alone, but were also influenced by changes in humidity. However, the difficulty of separating out the temperature and precipitation signals need not negate the usefulness of ELA in providing palaeoclimatic information. Glaciers of the Peruvian Cordillera Blanca region represent more than 25% of all tropical glaciers with the 260 glaciers stretching for 130km, reaching 6000m level at several summits. The climate is characterised by small seasonal but large daily temperature variations and the alteration of a pronounced dry season and wet season bringing 70-80% of the annual precipitation. ELA recordings were taken for the 1930s and 1950s on the massif of Santa Cruz, Alpamayo, Pucahirca, in the northern part of the cordillera Blanca by Kaser and George in 1997. The Accumulation Area method was utilised to determine the mean ELA, results highlighting a general reduction of precipitation amounts, mainly during the wet season and therefore a reduction in accumulation. A vertical shift of 35 to 58 meters was also observed a significant rise showing glacier shrinkage and tongue retreat. It is suggested that a reduction in air humidity and its effect on the above mentioned atmospheric circulation system i s the main reason for this determined retreat of the glaciers between 1930 and 1950 as it influences the mass balance in various respects. Furthermore, the rise of the ELA shows different values across the Santa Cruz Pucahirca massif. Concluding, Kaser and George (1997) notify the reader that a combination of spatially uniform rising in air temperature and a decrease in air humidity with spatially different effects has to be taken into account as a cause for the glacier retreat between 1930 and 1950. A second case study, located between 8.5 and 9 °N, the Cordillera de Merida within the Venezuelan Andes, a region within the tropics, which possesses evidence suggesting glacial ice coverage was abundant in the past. Three geographic sub-regions were studied by Schubert (1984) with the view to reconstruct 9 palaeoglaciers. Two methods to determine ELA were used to develop paleoclimatic assumptions: Accumulation Area Ratio method and the Accumulation Area Balance Ratio. The above methods enabled the approximation of ELA during the LGM (last glacial maximum). Results acquired from the study were that the ELA of the individual glaciers lowered in response to decreased air temperatures and increased snow during the LGM. The in depth Investigation revealed the ELA of the 9 observed glaciers would have experienced a lowering of roughly 850-1420m throughout the LGM, coinciding with decreased air temperatures. The palaeoglacier reconstruction demonstrated the spatial extent to which the eq uilibrium line altitude is susceptible to change in response to climatic changes within the Cordillera de Merida. Conclusions implied a support towards a later proposition that a glaciers ELA is closely connected with the surrounding local climate (Benn and Lehmkuhl 2000). The following final case study locates within the Cordillera Real and Cordillera de Quimsa Cruz, in the Bolivian Andes, due to the low latitude, glaciation within the area is reduced and glaciers are small (80% cover less than 0.5  km ²). Within the study Rabatel et al (2008) 15 proglacial margins were investigated, leading to a further reduction of 10 principle moraines being identified that mark the successive positions of glaciers over the last four centuries. The ELA was determined on each glacier using the Accumulation Area Ratio method. The reconstruction of the glacier ELA and observations of any changes in mass balance, Rabatel et al (2998) expressed that glacier maximum may be due to a 20 to 30% increase in precipitation and a 1.1 to 1.2 degrees Celsius decrease in temperature compared with present conditions. Increasing accumulation of snow above the ELA suggests snowfalls have a strong influence on the net radiative balance in the ablation zone via the albedo. The rese archers continue to explain that within the early 18th century, glaciers began to retreat at varying rates until the late 19th to early 20th century; this trend was generally associated with decreasing accumulation rates. By contrast, glacier recession in the 20th century was mainly the consequence of an increase in temperature and humidity. Although the ELA of a glacier, past or present can be a first-rate proxy for the glacier-climate relationship, the methodology chosen can greatly effect the interpretation of the results. Different reconstruction methods of changes in ELA may produce a range of results for the same glacier and therefore inconsistent and unreliable conclusions will be inferred. Ramage et al (2005) compared ELA reconstruction methods within the Junà ­n Plain in the central Peruvian Andes. Descriptions of each method were given and limitations were highlighted. The Toe-to-Headwall Altitude Ration method, a commonly used method due to its relative ease of determining ELAs using map data, expressed that low errors were still evident. The Accumulation Area Ratio method: based on the empirically derived ratio of accumulation area to total area of glacier, however, AARs are likely to be highly variable between glaciers even within small regions, depending on the extent and distribution of debris cover in th e ablation area, and the relative importance of direct snowfall and avalanching as mechanisms of accumulation (Benn and Lehmkuhl 2000) A more accurate method of palaeo ELA calculation is the Furbish and Andrews (1984) Accumulation Area Balance Ratio a method developed due to the inconsistencies within the AAR not accounting for altitudinal distribution of a glaciers surface area. Therefore, this method can be used to derive ELA under assumed steady-state conditions and uses an idealised linear mass balance curve to calculate ELA. Ramage et al (2005) concluded that the methods did not greatly differ for this region and morphology, yet each method possessed different correlation values. The relationships between climate, glaciers and topography are, however, not those of simple cause and effect but are characterized by interdependence. They are also scale and time-dependent in that as a glacier grows it increasingly modifies its climate and the topography (Sutherland 1984). In addition Hodge et al (1998) suggests that although the ELA is a phenomenal proxy for determining glacier climate relationships, it can unfortunately be influenced by other non-climatic factors; for example avalanche, topographic variances and debris fall (Hodge et al 1998). Avalanche can equal increased accumulation, thus a positive mass balance equating to an ELA fall. This can occur regardless of climatic influence; therefore the resulting ELA may not give a 100% accurate representation of the glacier-climate relationship. Smith et al (2005) argues further, that reconstructed tropical LGM ELA lowering may be due to local enhancing factors not solely climate. Additionally, glacier melting, co upled with avalanches, climate and local geographic topography may distort the observed ELA with reference to climatic impact therefore not 100% accurate for indicating glacier-climate relationship. In addition to the ELA other variables have been measured that allow inferences to be made about the relationship between glaciers and the associated past climate. Radiation is a major component in the ablation of ice from glaciers and the effectiveness of radiation on a glacier is a function of the aspect, slope and nature of the snow or ice cover of the glacier surface as well as latitude, date and time of day (Sutherland 1984). Various energy-balance models (Williams, 1975; 1979; Kuhn, 1981) have been devised to model these factors and explain the distribution of present-day and former glaciers as well as investigate general glacier/climate relationships. In the South East Grampians, Sissons and Sutherland (1976) established that the deviation of one unit of the isolation factor from the local value for a horizontal glacier was equivalent to raising or lowering the ELA by 25 m, thus providing a physical link between the two variables. Studies of modern glaciers, particularly of the relationships between their mass balance and the local climate, have provided a sound physical basis on which past climates can be inferred from former glaciers. Studies of the mass balance of modern glaciers have indicated that the equilibrium line altitude is the most critical parameter in the link between glaciers and climate (Sutherland 1984). In relation to tropical glacier regions, sharp changes in the area of the 0 °C isotherm level, highlights the sensitivity of the ELA to climatic changes, posing the notion that to truly understand the complex association between the ELA and the glacier-climate relationship, knowledge on its relative position to the 0 °c level is required. Furthermore, it is safe to assume that the ELA to some extent is a good indicator of climatic change especially in relation to tropical glaciers which have a greater degree of sensitivity to climate. However, it must be noted that there are non-climatic i nfluences upon the calculated ELA for any glacier, past or present and therefore the glacier-climate relationship is a far more complex issue to observe and understand.

Capital Punishment Essay - Beyond Horror and Incivility -- Argumentati

The Death Penalty: Beyond Horror and Incivility       "Capital punishment is the infliction of the death penalty on persons convicted of a crime" (Americana 596). Killing convicted felons has been one of the most widely practiced forms of criminal punishment in the United States. Currently, the states that do no practice the death penaly are Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, West Virginia and Wisconsin. However, for the remaining states that do practice the death penalty, it has been a topic of debate for many years. There are two parties who argue over its many points, including whether or not it is a fitting and adequate punishment, whether or not it acts as a deterrent to crime and whether or not it is morally wrong. These two classes of people can be grouped together as the retentionists, or the proponents, and the abolitionists, or the opponents (596). For the retentionists, the main reasons they are in support of the death penalty are to take revenge, to deter others, and to punish. They are most concerned with the protection of society from dangerous criminals. In spite of all this however, the death penalty is not a good form of criminal punishment for many reasons: it is morally wrong, it does not act as a deterrent for crime, it is irreversible and can be inflicted upon people who are innocent, it is more expensive than imprisonment and those who are convicted commonly use the costly process of appealing the decision and there is no chance to make restitution to the victim and/or the victim's family.    "People that favor the death penalty agree that capital punishment is a relic of barbarism, but as murder itself is barbaric... ...pectacle of publicly sanctioned killing has cheapened human life and dignity without the redeeming grace which comes from justice meted out swiftly, evenly, humanely" (Draper 44).    Works Cited Amnesty International Report. The Death Penalty. England: Amnesty International Publications, 1979. Bedau, Hugo Adam. The Death Penalty in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. "Capital Punishment." Encyclopedia Americana. 1990 ed. Draper, Thomas. Capital Punishment. New York: H. W. Wilson, 1985. Horwitz, Elinor Lander. Capital Punishment U.S.A. New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1973. Jayewardene, C. H. S. The Penalty of Death. Massachusetts:Lexington, 1977. Meador, Roy. Capital Revenge: 54 Votes Against Life. Philadelphia:Dorrance, 1975. "Violent Crime Control And Law Enforcement Act of 1994." 3/8/95(date retrieved).   

Albedo in urban and rural temperature settings

Albedo can be defined as the ratio of the amount of light that a ceratin body reflects and the amount that it absorbs (Encarta, 2008). For example, a body that rates an albedo of 0. 3 can be construed to reflect back 30 percent of the light that falls on it, while absorbing the other 70 percent of the light (Encarta, 2008). The term albedo is derived from the Latin term â€Å"albus†, or simply â€Å"white† (Dagmar Budikova, 2008).When the object hit with the sun reflects back most of the sunlight, it is said to have a high albedo ratio (National Science Foundation, 2006). If the surface that is it by the sunlight abosrbs or takes in most of the light, it is said to have a low albedo (Science, 2006). Urban settings usually have low albedo since most of the light is absorbed by the alterations made by man of the natural landscape (Christopher Small). In rural settings, the presence of abundant vegetation (Small).The plant life absorbs most of the sun's light to start the process of photosynthesis necessary for the propagation of plants (Small). This cannot be wholly said for the urban setting, as the plant cover in the urban areas is small compared to the rural environment (Small). But the presence of plant life in the urban setting does have an impact on the air quality and the health of those living in the urban areas (Christopher Small & Roberta Balstad Miller).It is assumed therefore that a host of physical characteristics determine the albedo of a certain body (Encarta, 2008). The moon, for example, has a low albedo rating because of its rough terrain, taking in most of the sunlight that hit it (Encarta, 2008). Venus, on the other hand, reflects back a high degree of the sunlight that it take in, thus could be said to possess a high albedo rating (Encarta, 2008). As stated earlier, the presence of plant life in an urban setting does affect the albedo rating of the area (Small & Miller).In the New York City area, for example, there is a mix of l ow and albedo ratings (Small & Miller). This is due to the presence of trees in the area that are conducive to the build-up of dust and ozone in the specific location (Small & Miller). Research at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) found out the the asphalt used in smoothing out parking lots and roads, and dark-colored shingles and concrete had a high absorption capacity of sunlight than the rural areas surrounding the urban areas (Krishna Ramanujan, 2007).This would result in a higher temperature in the cities (Ramanujan, 2007). References Budikova, D. (2008). Albedo. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. eoearth. org/article/Albedo Miller, R. B. , Small, C. (n. d. ). Spatiotemporal monitoring of urban vegetation. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. ldeo. columbia. edu/~small/PDF/ISRSE_SmallMiller. pdf. MSN Encarta. (2008). Albedo. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761587643/Albedo. htmlNational Scienc e Foundation. (2006). Albedo. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. arcticice. org/albedo. htm Ramanujan, K. (2007). Scientists take big steps to measure sunlight reflected by Earth. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. nasa. gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/albedo. html Small, C. (n. d. ). Global analysis of urban population distributions and the physical environment. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. ldeo. columbia. edu/~small/Urban/SmallUrbEnv2001. pdf.

Differences among Corporate, Institutional and Government Procurement

The procurement strategies differ greatly in the government, corporate and institutional sectors. First and foremost, there are some key distinctions in the supply chain management (SCM), that is in the â€Å"process-oriented system of purchasing, producing, and delivering product to customers† that includes the complete supply chain, i. e. â€Å"demand, supply, manufacturing, transportation and distribution†(1, 2006).Recently the industrial sector has increased the SCM standards with emphasis on speed and turnover of goods. For example, the turnover of inventory in Wal-Mart is approximately 12 hours (2, 2006). The government sector is less efficient in the SCM due to legal, cultural or material complexities, not to mention the bureaucracy that can influence the speed of logistics and supply. However, in the military industry the big contractors and the Pentagon are theoretically able to interact through â€Å"the revolving door†.In practice, it can lead to the c onflicts of interests, when the businesses hire government officials with a view to influence the government procurement strategies – for instance, Darleen Druyun’s case, the deputy acquisition chief for the Air Force, hired by Boeing in 2003) (3, 2004). Government purchasing can be more large-scale in terms of allocated funds; however, it complies not only to the matters of immediate financial benefit, but also to the state-level concerns.For example, the Government Purchasing Project by the Center for Responsive Law is regulated by environmentally preferable purchasing policies on the federal, state and local government level (4, 2006). Institutional purchasing faces fewer barriers in the form of formalities and large-scale commitments. Government procurement is an effective process of supplying necessary goods and services because of its holistic quality. The government establishes its own rules in view of the internal and external state policy and economic conditio ns.This is a flexible procurement process, and if rules were adequate to the demand, it is highly effective. By administering contracts the government agencies can choose the most favourable deal for supplying the required goods and services. However, here is a danger of making rules for their own sake, i. e. bureaucracy. To sum up, the differences between corporate, institutional, and government procurement lie in SCM (turnover speed), purchasing strategies and long-term perspectives, as well as general economic and political context.